Context: Xi Jinping calls for ‘Elephant-Dragon Duet’ on 75th anniversary of ties between India, China

Source: The Hindu

In a congratulatory message to President Droupadi Murmu, Chinese President Xi Jinping celebrated the 75th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral relations between India and China by saying that the two nations should “realize a cooperative pas dedeux of the dragon and the elephant,” which fully serves the fundamental interests of the two nations and peoples.

“Stable, predictable, and amicable” bilateral relations will benefit both countries and the world, according to Ms. Murmu.

Being two big neighbours in a significant region of the world, bilateral relationships are vital, and the two nations’ strong bonds will benefit all of humanity.

Model Question:

“India-China relations are marked by both cooperation and conflict. Analyze the major areas of contention and cooperation between the two nations, and suggest a way forward for stable bilateral relations.”

Model Answer:

India and China, two of the world’s largest economies and nuclear powers, share a complex relationship marked by historical tensions, border disputes, and economic interdependence. While cooperation exists in trade, global governance, and climate change, issues such as the border dispute, trade imbalance, and geopolitical competition continue to create friction.

Major Areas of Contention

1. Border Dispute & Military Tensions: The India-China border is 3,488 km long and remains disputed in multiple areas, mainly: Western Sector (Ladakh – Aksai Chin Dispute), Middle Sector (Himachal & Uttarakhand), Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh – China claims it as “South Tibet”). The 1962 Indo-China War, and recent clashes like the Galwan Valley (2020) incident, have worsened relations. China’s expansionist policy and increased military presence in the Indo-Pacific raise security concerns for India.
2. China’s Support to Pakistan: China’s close ties with Pakistan, especially in defence and infrastructure (CPEC – China-Pakistan Economic Corridor), are a major concern for India. China’s veto on India’s bid to designate terrorists (like Masood Azhar) in the UN Security Council has created diplomatic friction.
3. Trade Imbalance & Economic Dependence: China is India’s largest trading partner, but the trade balance is heavily skewed in China’s favour. In 2022-23, India’s trade deficit with China crossed $100 billion. India relies on Chinese imports for sectors like pharmaceuticals, electronics, and telecom, while China imports fewer Indian goods.
4. China’s Influence in South Asia & the Indian Ocean: China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and investment in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and Maldives challenge India’s regional influence. The Hambantota Port (Sri Lanka) and Gwadar Port (Pakistan) have increased China’s naval presence in the Indian Ocean, raising strategic concerns for India.
5. Standoff on Multilateral Forums: China blocks India’s entry into the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). It opposes India’s permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). China and India have different views on global governance, often competing in international institutions.

Areas of Cooperation

1. Trade & Economic Engagement: Despite tensions, bilateral trade exceeds $120 billion. Indian IT, pharma, and agricultural exports have potential growth in the Chinese market. India and China collaborate in BRICS, AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), and RCEP (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership).
2. Climate Change & Global Governance: Both nations support global efforts on climate change and are part of the Paris Agreement. India and China have common interests in reforming global financial institutions like the IMF & World Bank.
3. People-to-People Ties: Buddhism serves as a historical link between India and China. Academic exchanges and tourism promote cultural understanding.
4. Cooperation in Multilateral Forums: India and China collaborate in BRICS, SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization), and G-20. They work together on economic development in Asia and global health initiatives (like COVID-19 response).

Way Forward: Building a Stable Relationship

1. Resolving Border Disputes Diplomatically: Strengthening mechanisms like Special Representatives Talks and the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC). Ensuring adherence to existing agreements like the 1993, 1996, and 2005 Border Agreements.
2. Balancing Economic Engagement: Reducing trade dependence on China by promoting Make in India & Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives. Strengthening supply chains with alternative partners like Japan, South Korea, and ASEAN nations.
3. Countering China’s Influence in South Asia: Enhancing regional connectivity through projects like BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal) and SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region). Strengthening India’s presence in the Indian Ocean through QUAD (India, US, Japan, Australia).
4. Strengthening India’s Strategic & Defence Capabilities: Modernizing border infrastructure and surveillance in Ladakh and Arunachal Pradesh. Expanding defence ties with Russia, the US, and European nations to maintain military balance.
5. Promoting Multilateral Engagements: Leveraging BRICS and G-20 to engage China constructively. Seeking international support for India’s NSG and UNSC membership through diplomatic efforts.

India-China relations are a mix of strategic competition and economic cooperation. While unresolved border disputes and geopolitical differences create friction, areas like trade, climate action, and multilateralism offer opportunities for collaboration. A balanced approach—combining diplomatic engagement, economic self-reliance, and strategic partnerships—can help maintain stability and ensure India’s national interests.