Source: The Hindu
The Archaeological Survey of India has started a project to determine the age of artifacts found during expeditions in Gujarat in an attempt to provide fresh insight into Dwarka, a significant aspect of India’s cultural past.
In order to search for, record, and examine submerged archaeological remains as well as determine the age of the recovered artifacts through scientific examination of sediments, archaeological, and marine deposits, a nine-member team from the ASI’s Underwater Archaeology Wing has conducted both onshore and offshore expeditions at Dwarka and Beyt Dwarka.
The Dwarkadhish temple is situated on the island of Beyt Dwarka, which is thought to be the residence of Lord Krishna. It is situated off the coast of Gujarat. From a historical, archaeological, and cultural perspective, Dwarka is a significant location. Due to its prominence in ancient literature, Dwarka has long been a subject of study. It continues to play an important role in India’s cultural history.
From 2005 to 2007, the Underwater Archaeological Wing conducted methodical archaeological research at Dwarka. Important archaeological remnants, including as prehistoric sculptures, stone anchors, and other items of historical significance, were found during these onshore and offshore investigations. Recovered antiquities include rings, copper items, beads, iron items, and more. Additionally, pottery found during the dig was carefully inspected and investigated.
Model Question:
“The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has played a pivotal role in preserving India’s cultural heritage, but it also faces several institutional and operational challenges.” Critically examine the role of ASI in conservation of monuments and suggest measures to enhance its effectiveness.
Model Answer:
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), established in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, is the premier organization for archaeological research and conservation of cultural monuments in India. As an attached office of the Ministry of Culture, it is entrusted with the protection of over 3,600 monuments of national importance.
Role of ASI in Preserving Cultural Heritage:
- Conservation and Restoration: ASI undertakes scientific conservation and structural repair of ancient monuments, sites, and artifacts.
- Excavations and Research: It conducts archaeological excavations at important sites (e.g., Rakhigarhi, Keezhadi) contributing to understanding India’s civilizational roots.
- Maintenance of Heritage Sites: Maintains World Heritage Sites like the Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, and Hampi.
- Protection under Law: Implements the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act (1958) to regulate construction around monuments.
- Museology and Epigraphy: Manages regional museums and preserves inscriptions and ancient scripts.
Challenges Faced by ASI:
- Understaffing and Skill Deficit: Limited trained conservation experts.
- Outdated Technology: Inadequate use of digital tools like 3D mapping, GIS.
- Poor Documentation: Lack of real-time digital archives of monuments.
- Encroachment and Urban Pressure: Monuments in cities face illegal constructions and pollution.
- Low Public Engagement: Heritage awareness among locals is often minimal.
Suggestions to Enhance Effectiveness:
- Technological Modernization: Use LiDAR, drones, and digital heritage documentation.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Involve corporates under CSR for monument adoption.
- Capacity Building: Train more archaeologists, epigraphists, and conservators.
- Decentralization: Empower state-level archaeological bodies with more resources.
- Community Involvement: Engage local communities in conservation and tourism initiatives.
While ASI has been a custodian of India’s tangible heritage, its impact is constrained by structural and operational issues. A comprehensive reform involving technology, training, legal enforcement, and community participation is essential to safeguard India’s rich cultural legacy for future generations.
