Context: The right to repair movement in India

Source: The Hindu

Last Monday, the Department of Consumer Affairs declared that the government had received a report for a “Framework on Repairability Index” in the mobile and electronic sector. By assessing products based on factors including software updates, spare part availability, repair costs, and information accessibility, consumer electronics and electrical appliances would receive a score under the RI based on how simple they are to fix.

U.S. Lawmaker Marie Gluesenkamp Perez recently discussed a draft law she introduced that would require appliance manufacturers to list the average annual maintenance and repair costs next to the product’s price. She said that because older appliances like washing machines last longer, they are a type of durable wealth.

Increasing an appliance’s lifespan is linked to other concerns, such as encouraging the recycling of e-waste and controlling the demand for “virgin” metals, which are newly extracted from the earth.

Global consumer advocacy groups have been campaigning for the right to repair, a catch-all phrase that refers to giving customers more options for how to get their items fixed. The DoCA has established a right to repair webpage in India that provides a list of authorized service centers for different manufacturers as well as repair publications from those companies.

Model Question:

“The Right to Repair movement is essential for promoting sustainability, consumer rights, and reducing e-waste in India.” Critically examine the need for a Right to Repair framework in India. What challenges does its implementation face?

Model Answer:

The Right to Repair movement advocates that consumers should be allowed to repair and modify their own electronic devices and appliances without relying solely on manufacturers. It is gaining momentum in India amid rising concerns over e-waste, monopolistic practices by manufacturers, and the need for environmental sustainability.

Need for a Right to Repair Framework in India:

1. Consumer Empowerment: Reduces dependency on original manufacturers for basic repairs. Makes repairs more affordable and accessible.
2. Environmental Sustainability: Extends the life cycle of devices. Reduces e-waste, which India generates in significant quantities (third-largest in the world as per Global E-Waste Monitor 2020).
3. Support for the Informal Sector: India has a vibrant informal repair economy (mobile repair, automobile garages, etc.). A legal right to repair can formalize and boost local employment.
4. Cost Reduction and Economic Efficiency: Promotes healthy competition by allowing third-party repair services. Consumers are not forced to discard products due to minor issues.
5. Alignment with Global Practices: EU and US have already initiated steps in this direction. Aligning with global standards is necessary for trade and consumer protection.

Recent Developments in India:

1. In July 2022, the Department of Consumer Affairs set up a committee to develop a Right to Repair framework, focusing on sectors like electronics, automobiles, and agricultural equipment.
2. Launch of the Right to Repair Portal (India) in 2023 for consumer access to product manuals and parts.

Challenges in Implementation:

1. Resistance from Manufacturers: Companies cite safety, quality, and intellectual property concerns. Potential revenue loss from spare part sales and after-sales services.
2. Lack of Standardization: Absence of common repair practices or standards across industries.
3. Awareness and Digital Literacy: Consumers may lack the technical skills or awareness to exercise this right.
4. Regulatory Gaps: Need for clear guidelines on warranty, liability, and third-party repairs.
5. Ecosystem Readiness: Building infrastructure for certification, training, and parts availability is still in a nascent stage.

Way Forward:

1. Enact a comprehensive Right to Repair law under the Consumer Protection Act.
2. Incentivize eco-design and modular products that are easier to repair.
3. Develop training programs for local technicians and support innovation in repair technologies.
4. Promote public awareness campaigns about consumer rights and sustainable consumption.

The Right to Repair movement is a step toward strengthening consumer rights, reducing environmental degradation, and promoting economic inclusivity. While challenges exist, a robust and inclusive policy framework can make India a leader in sustainable consumption and circular economy practices.