What are the subjects in UPSC?

The subjects covered in the UPSC (Union Public Service Commission) Civil Services Examination include a diverse range of topics to assess the candidate’s comprehensive understanding and aptitude. The subjects are:

• General Studies Paper I: Indian Heritage and Culture, History, and Geography of the World and Society.
• General Studies Paper II: Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice, and International Relations.
• General Studies Paper III: Technology, Economic Development, Biodiversity, Environment, Security, and Disaster Management.
• General Studies Paper IV: Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude.
• Optional Subject Paper I (choose one): Candidates can select from a list of subjects such as History, Geography, Public Administration, Political Science, Sociology, and more.
• Optional Subject Paper II: The second paper of the optional subject chosen by the candidate.

The UPSC examination also includes an essay paper and a language paper, both of which are qualifying in nature.