Context: Significant increase in monsoon rainfall in Western Ghats over past 800 years

Source: The Hindu

Monsoon rainfall in the Western Ghats has significantly increased over the last 800 years, according to a recent study conducted by experts at the Central University of Kerala. The study shed important light on long-term climate fluctuations in the area by reconstructing Indian monsoon patterns over the previous 1600 years.

The results emphasized the necessity of taking preventative action to deal with issues brought on by a more intense monsoon cycle. More frequent and intense rainfall events in recent years may be a result of the monsoon’s long-term intensification. Extreme weather occurrences include the devastating landslides and floods that occurred in Karnataka’s Wayanad and Kodagu in 2018 and 2019. The study emphasizes how the Western Ghats require improved conservation, sustainable land-use planning, and disaster preparedness.

Model Question:

The Western Ghats are one of the world’s eight “hottest hotspots” of biological diversity. Despite conservation efforts, the region continues to face multiple environmental challenges. Discuss the significance of the Western Ghats and suggest measures for their conservation.

Model Answer:

The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, are one of the most significant ecological zones in India, covering six states (Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu). They are a biodiversity hotspot with over 7,400 plant species and key wildlife such as tigers, elephants, and the lion-tailed macaque. However, deforestation, habitat destruction, and climate change pose severe threats to this fragile ecosystem.

Significance of the Western Ghats

1. Ecological Importance: The region harbors nearly 50% of India’s endemic species and influences monsoon patterns.
2. Water Source: It is the origin of major rivers like the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri, supporting millions of people.
3. Climate Regulation: Acts as a carbon sink and helps maintain regional temperature and rainfall patterns.
4. Agricultural & Economic Importance: Supports spice plantations, coffee, and tea cultivation.
5. Cultural & Religious Significance: Home to ancient temples and tribal communities dependent on forests.

Threats to the Western Ghats

1. Deforestation & Encroachment – Expanding agriculture, infrastructure projects, and urbanization.
2. Mining & Quarrying – Causes habitat loss and soil degradation.
3. Hydropower Projects – Leads to river ecosystem disruption.
4. Climate Change – Affects monsoon patterns and biodiversity.
5. Tourism Pressure – Unregulated tourism leads to waste generation and habitat destruction.

Conservation Measures

1. Implementation of the Gadgil & Kasturirangan Reports – Balancing development with ecological protection by demarcating Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs).
2. Afforestation & Habitat Restoration – Encouraging native tree plantation and banning monoculture plantations.
3. Strict Regulation on Mining & Deforestation – Strengthening Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) and enforcing laws.
4. Sustainable Agriculture & Ecotourism – Promoting organic farming and regulated tourism.
5. Community Participation – Engaging tribal and local communities in conservation efforts.
6. Strengthening Protected Areas – Expanding national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.
7. Climate Adaptation Strategies – Enhancing disaster preparedness and water conservation.

The Western Ghats are a lifeline for India’s ecology, economy, and culture. Sustainable conservation strategies, combined with strong policy implementation and community participation, are essential to preserve this critical biodiversity hotspot for future generations.