Source: The Hindu
By retraining TB survivors and enlisting them as “TB Champions” in a TB-control campaign, the Meghalaya government is creatively promoting a state free of tuberculosis and encouraging patients to adhere to their treatment plans and detect the disease early.
With India having the largest disease burden globally, tuberculosis continues to be a major public health concern. India was predicted to have 26% of the world’s TB cases in 2023.
Meghalaya has been dealing with issues including hilly topography, inadequate road connectivity, and the existence of several hamlets in inaccessible valleys and mountains, which cause patients to put off seeking prompt medical attention.
In addition to educating people about the free testing, treatment, and support programs, the TB champions urge them to go beyond the Union government’s 100-day campaign, which started in December of last year. They also advise people to get tested if they notice any symptoms.
Model Question:
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in India despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment. Discuss the reasons for its persistence and suggest effective measures to achieve the goal of TB elimination by 2025.
Model Answer:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. India accounts for approximately 27% of the global TB burden (Global TB Report, WHO). Despite government interventions, including the National TB Elimination Program (NTEP), TB remains a public health challenge.
Reasons for Persistence of TB in India
- Socio-economic Factors: Poverty, malnutrition, and overcrowding increase vulnerability to TB. Limited awareness about symptoms and treatment leads to delayed diagnosis.
- Healthcare System Challenges: Inadequate access to healthcare in rural and remote areas. Shortage of diagnostic facilities and trained healthcare professionals.
- Drug Resistance: Multi-Drug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB) and Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB) complicate treatment. Poor adherence to drug regimens leads to resistance.
- Co-Morbidities: High prevalence of HIV/AIDS and diabetes weakens immunity, making individuals more prone to TB.
- Stigma and Discrimination: Fear of social exclusion often discourages people from seeking timely medical care.
Measures to Achieve TB Elimination by 2025
- Early Detection and Diagnosis: Strengthen diagnostic facilities using molecular testing like CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test). Promote active case finding, especially in high-burden areas.
- Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: Expand primary healthcare networks in underserved regions. Enhance the capacity of healthcare workers through training programs.
- Drug-Resistant TB Management: Ensure availability of second-line drugs and adopt new treatments like Bedaquiline and Delamanid. Expand access to free diagnostics and treatment under NTEP.
- Community Engagement and Awareness: Implement campaigns to reduce stigma and promote early diagnosis. Involve civil society organizations and local bodies in TB control programs.
- Nutritional Support: Provide nutritional support through schemes like Nikshay Poshan Yojana, which offers financial incentives to TB patients.
- Research and Innovation: Encourage research in vaccine development, rapid diagnostics, and shorter drug regimens. Support technological advancements like AI-based TB detection.
The goal of TB elimination by 2025 under the Pradhan Mantri TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyaan is ambitious but achievable with multi-sectoral collaboration. By addressing socio-economic determinants, strengthening healthcare systems, and promoting public awareness, India can effectively combat TB and move closer to a healthier society.
