Context: U.S., Russia agrees to work to end the war in Ukraine

Source: The Hindu

Following discussions that represented an unprecedented reversal in U.S. foreign policy under President Donald Trump, the U.S. and Russia agreed Tuesday to begin working toward ending the war in Ukraine and strengthening their diplomatic and economic ties, according to America’s top diplomat.

Three objectives were generally agreed upon by both parties:
1. To replenish the number of employees in their respective embassies in Moscow and Washington
2. To assemble a high-level group to assist in peace negotiations in Ukraine
3. To investigate deeper ties and economic collaboration

The conference, which was attended by no Ukrainian authorities, took place as Kyiv continues to lose ground to more numerous Russian forces in a gruelling conflict that started almost three years ago.

Concerns about being marginalized have been raised by European allies. Since Russia has also been subject to sanctions, the European Union will eventually need to be represented at the table.

Model Question:

Analyze the causes of the Russia-Ukraine war and discuss its global implications, particularly in the areas of geopolitics, economy, and energy security. (250 words, 15 marks)

Model Answer:

The Russia-Ukraine war, which began on February 24, 2022, is one of the most significant geopolitical conflicts in recent history. Rooted in historical tensions and strategic interests, the war has had far-reaching global consequences, affecting geopolitics, the economy, and energy security.

Causes of the Conflict

1. Historical and Geopolitical Tensions – Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union until 1991, and Russia considers it within its sphere of influence.
2. NATO Expansion – Russia opposes Ukraine’s efforts to join NATO, viewing it as a security threat.
3. Crimea Annexation (2014) – Russia’s annexation of Crimea escalated tensions, leading to ongoing conflicts in Eastern Ukraine.
4. Ethnic and Political Divisions – Eastern Ukraine has a significant Russian-speaking population, leading to internal divisions.
5. Resource and Strategic Interests – Ukraine is rich in natural resources and acts as a transit hub for Russian gas to Europe.

Global Implications

Geopolitical Impact:

1. Increased tensions between Russia and Western nations, leading to sanctions and military buildups.
2. Strengthening of NATO, with Finland and Sweden applying for membership.
3. Shift in global alliances, with India, China, and other nations balancing relations with both sides.

Economic Impact:

1. Global inflation due to disruptions in grain, fertilizer, and energy supply chains.
2. Economic sanctions on Russia affecting global trade.

Energy Security:

1. Europe’s dependence on Russian gas led to an energy crisis.
2. Acceleration of the transition to renewable energy.

The Russia-Ukraine war has reshaped global geopolitics and economic structures, emphasizing the need for diplomatic solutions and strategic realignments. Its long-term effects will continue to shape international relations and global stability.