Context: India’s tiger population rose 30% over two decades, recovery boosted by strong legislative framework

Source: The Hindu

According to a recent study, India’s tiger population has grown by 30% in the last 20 years.
In spite of high people densities and economic difficulties brought on by increasing urbanization, it examined the socio-ecological elements that have allowed tigers to return and remain.
Wildlife populations around the world have decreased by 73%.

Due to land sparing, 85% of breeding populations have been able to survive in protected regions free from human habitation.
A robust legislative framework, comprising the Wildlife Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, and the National Tiger Conservation Authority, has bolstered India’s tiger recovery.
Tiger recolonization rates have been greater in areas with improved socioeconomic conditions and less reliance on forest resources.

Tiger populations have declined in areas with high levels of poverty and armed conflict, such as those in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand devastated by the Naxals.
70% of the world’s wild tigers live in India.

Model Question:

Discuss the significance of tiger conservation in India. Highlight the role of Project Tiger in ensuring the survival of this keystone species. What are the key challenges faced in tiger conservation, and suggest measures to strengthen it? (250 words)

Model Answer:

Tigers (Panthera tigris) are a keystone species, playing a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of forest ecosystems. India is home to over 70% of the world’s tiger population, making conservation efforts vital. To address the declining tiger population, the Government of India launched Project Tiger in 1973, which has significantly contributed to their revival.

Significance of Tiger Conservation:

1. Ecological Balance: Tigers regulate prey populations, maintaining a healthy food chain.
2. Forest and Water Conservation: Tiger habitats, mainly dense forests, contribute to biodiversity and act as carbon sinks.
3. Economic Benefits: Eco-tourism linked to tiger reserves supports local communities.
4. Global Responsibility: As signatories of the Global Tiger Initiative, India plays a key role in global conservation efforts.

 

Project Tiger and Its Impact:

Launched in 1973, it is implemented by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).

Started with 9 reserves, now expanded to 54 reserves (as of 2023).

Use of technology like M-STrIPES (Monitoring System for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status) for tracking tigers.

Success: India’s tiger population rose from 1,411 (2006) to 3,167 (2022) as per the All-India Tiger Estimation.

Challenges in Tiger Conservation:

1. Habitat Fragmentation: Due to deforestation, encroachments, and infrastructure projects.
2. Human-Wildlife Conflict: Rising due to habitat loss and prey depletion.
3. Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade: Driven by demand for tiger body parts.
4. Climate Change: Alters prey availability and water sources.
5. Lack of Community Participation: Limited local involvement in conservation efforts.

Way Forward:

1. Strengthening Corridors: Secure tiger corridors to prevent habitat fragmentation.
2. Community Involvement: Promote eco-tourism and provide alternative livelihoods.
3. Technology Integration: Use AI, drones, and GPS tracking for real-time monitoring.
4. Strict Anti-Poaching Measures: Strengthen enforcement under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
5. Global Collaboration: Enhance partnerships with organizations like CITES and WWF.

Project Tiger has been a remarkable success, yet sustained efforts are required to tackle emerging challenges. A holistic approach integrating conservation, community participation, and scientific interventions will ensure the long-term survival of India’s national animal.